I met Peter in Japan last year.
⑴ It was Iwho/that met Peter in Japan last year.
⑵ It was Peterwhom/that I met in Japan last year.
⑶ It was in Japan that I met Peter last year.
⑷ It was last year that I met Peter in Japan.
* not …until 也可用于强调句型
例１
Mr. Brown didn’t come back until eleven o’clock.
可变为：It was not until eleven o’clock that Mr. Brown came back.
例2
The rain didn’t stop until midnight.
可变为：It was not until midnight that the rain stopped.
* not …until 也可变为特殊疑问句
例１
It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.
可变为：When was it that the PRC was founded?
例2
Your dad worked in this factory two years ago.
可变为：Where was it that your dad worked two years ago?
10. have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
其中的(in) doing sth.不可改为to do sth.；其中的difficulty 是不可数名词, 前面可以用some/ no/ little/ much等词修饰.
Eg.
⑴We had no difficulty in finding the hospital.
我们毫不费劲地找到了这所医院.
⑵Did you have any difficulty in carrying the plan?
你们执行计划有苦难吗
⑶She has little difficulty in learning maths.
她学习数学几乎没什么困难
⑷I had much difficulty in talking with the foreigner.
我用英语同老外交谈很费劲
还可用下列句型表达 “做某事有困难”：
have trouble (in) doing sth.
There be difficulty in doing sth.
do sth. with/ without difficulty
⑴There is some difficulty in teaching pupils Japanese.
教小学生日语有困难
⑵He had a little difficulty in solving the problem.
解决这个问题，他有一点困难
⑶Tom climbed the tree without difficulty.
汤姆毫不费劲地爬上了树
注：
当difficulty指笼统概念时，即“困难、费力”为不可数名词（如以上例句），当它指具体的“难事、困难”时用作可数名词。如：
We’ll meet with all kinds of difficulties.
我们会遇到各种困难
11. bring in: introduce, harvest, get money or income引进，收获
⑴Country music has become big business. It brings in 300 million dollars a year.
乡村音乐发展成为一项商业，每年盈利3亿美元。
⑵They have brought in experts to advise on the project.
他们已请来专家当这项工程的顾问
⑶Farmers in the south have brought in good crops this year.
南方的农民今年收获了庄稼
⑷Don’t bring him in. He’ll do nothing to help.
别把他扯进来，他帮不上什么忙
⑸They brought in some words from their own languages.
他们把自己语言中的一些词语带了进来
其他相关短语：
bring sth. about使（某事）发生
bring sth. down 降低或减少…，使…（从空中）落下
bring sth. up 培养、养育某人，呕吐
bring …and …together 促使(争执双方)和解
bring out生产出,出版
⑴The Liberals wish to bring about changes in the electoral system..
自用党人想要改变选举制度
⑵The prices have been brought.
价格已经下降了
⑶Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt.
她小时侯父母就去世了,是由她姑姑养大的
⑷An enemy fighter was brought down.
一架敌机被击落了
⑸The loss of their son brought the parents together.
双方因失去儿子而言归于好
⑹He brought out his lunch just now.
他刚刚把吃进去的午饭吐出来了
⑺New personal computers are brought out almost daily.
几乎每天都有个人计算机推出
12. except:
表示同类别事物中除去若干,常与no,all,none,nothing,everything等包含全部的词连用, 位于句首时不用except,常用except for; 它后面可接介词短语、副词、不定式以及that, when, where等引导的从句(except for不能这样用)
except for:
指不同类别的事情或性质不同的事情,或表示某人/物 在总体上是好的,只是其中的某个细节或某个环节不尽人意
eg.
⑴Except for Li Ming, they are all workers.
除了李明之外,他们都是工人
⑵Everybody except John was able to answer the question.
除了约翰之外,每个人都回答出了问题
⑶The room is empty except for a broken chair. (前后的名词不同类)
这个房间空空的,只不过有把破椅子
⑷I know nothing about him except that he is from Japan.
我对他一无所知,只是知道他来自日本
⑸She goes to school by bike except when it rains.
她骑自行车去上学,除了下雨时不骑
⑹He could do nothing except walk home.(except前若有实义动词do,则后面接不带to的不定式)
他只好走着回家了
=He had no choice but to walk home.( except前若没有实义动词do,则后面接带to的不定式)
高考题例:
I know nothing about the young lady ________ she is from Beijing. (2000上海高考)
A. except
B. except for
C. except that
D.besides
分析：
except for与except that同义，但except for后不能接句子，后句“she is from Beijing”是一个完整的陈述句，故用except that连接，that不作成分。
答案：C
*besides: (prep.) “除…之外还有”，常与also, else, other等词连用。如：
⑴Besides tennis, he also plays basketball and football.
除了网球之外，他还打篮球和踢足球。
⑵I have three other dictionaries besides this one.
除了这本词典，我还有三本别的词典。
*besides: (adv.) 此外，而且
⑴I haven’t time to see the film-----besides, it’s had dreadful reviews.
我没有时间去看这部影片，再说，影评也诸多贬斥。
⑵I am too busy to go for a walk; besides, it is late.
我太忙不去散步了，而且时候已晚了。
13. with的复合结构 ：常在句中作状语，表示伴随动作、行为方式及原因、条件或结果等情况。
with + 宾语 +prep./adj./ adv./ doing/ to do(表示要执行的动作)/done（表示动作的完成及被动）
⑴She often sleeps with the window open. (adj.)
她经常开着窗户睡觉。
⑵He came in with a book in his hand. (prep.)
他手里拿着本书进来了
⑶She felt scared with so many people looking at her. （doing）
这么多人看着她，她感到害怕。
⑷He was brought in with his hands tied back.. (done)
他双手绑在身后被带了进来
⑸With everything bought, he left the market. (done)
买完了所需要的东西之后，他离开了市场
⑹The king came in, with all his servants following him. (doing)
国王进来了，身后跟着所有的仆人。
⑺With nothing to do, he went out for a walk .
由于没有什么事情可做，他便到外面散步
⑻He left his room with the light on. (adv.)
他离开了房间，灯亮着
高考题例1：
With a lot of difficult problems _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(2002上海高考)
A. settled
B. settling
C. to settle
D. being settled
分析：
因后句的进行时表示将来，“新当选的总统将要度过一段艰难的时光”，故用“with＋宾语＋不定式”表示将来要执行的动作。
答案：C
高考题例2：
_____two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004北京高考)
A. With
B. Besides
C. As for
D. Because of
分析：
根据句意，此处应采用“with +宾语+不定式”
答案：A
14. a great / good many
修饰可数名词，它的后面不能接of短语，但当名词前有the, these, those, my, 等词时，需加上介词of
⑴A great many students like the movie.
好多学生喜欢这部电影
⑵We have read a good many books.
我们读过许多书籍
⑶He has read a great many of the novels in this library.
他已读了图书馆中的许多书
⑷A good many of his books were bought from this bookstore.
他的许多书是从这个书店里买的
其他表示“许多”的短语：
many a +单数名词
a (large/great) number of + 复数名词
plenty of +不可数名词／复数名词
quite a few + 复数名词
a great deal of +不可数名词
a large amount of +不可数名词
⑴Many a strong man has weakened before such a challenge.
很多坚强的人面对这种困难都动摇了
⑵A number of people have read this magazine.
好多人看过这本杂志
⑶There were quite a few copies sold on the first day.
第一天就卖了好多本
⑷She spent a great deal of money on clothes.
她花了许多钱买衣服
⑸They have a large amount of work to do.
他们有大量的工作要做
⑹There’s plenty of rain in my hometown.
我的家乡雨水大
⑺There are plenty of eggs in the basket.
篮子里有许多鸡蛋
15. have a good knowledge of …了解，懂得，掌握
have no knowledge of…不知道，不了解
to one’s knowledge 据…所知
without the knowledge of在…不知道的情况下
come to sb’s knowledge 被某人知悉
⑴I have a good knowledge of Chinese history.
我通晓中国历史
⑵A baby has no knowledge of good and evil.
婴儿不知善恶
⑶He sold the car without his wife’s knowledge.
他瞒着妻子把汽车卖了
⑷To my knowledge, she has never been late before.
据我所知，她从来没迟到过
⑸It has come to our knowledge that you have been cheating the company.
据我们了解你一直欺骗公司
高考题例：
One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain ____ good knowledge of basic word formation. （2002上海高考）
A. /
B. the
C. a
D. one
分析：
knowledge为不可数名词，但若有形容词修饰，则加不定冠词a
答案：C
16. consider
①考虑 consider sth./ doing
He is considering going abroad.
他正考虑出国。
I’m considering changing my job.
我在考虑换工作。
I will consider your offer and tell you my decision tomorrow.
对你的提议我要考虑一下，明天告诉你我的决定。
②想，认为
+ 宾语+（to be）+ adj./ n.
consider + 宾语+ as + n./adj.
+ that 从句
I consider it a great honor.
我认为这是件很荣幸的事情。
We consider money (to be) important.
我们认为金钱是重要的。
We all consider him loyal to his friends.
我们都认为他对朋友忠诚。
We consider it important to learn a foreign language.
我们认为再学一门外语非常重要。
Lincoln was considered one of the greatest presidents in American history.
林肯被认为是美国历史上最伟大的总统之一。
We all consider that you did a good deed.
我们都认为你做了件好事。
I don’t consider that it will turn out fine this afternoon.
我认为下午不会天晴。
③consideration n. 考虑
considering prep. 考虑到，鉴于
considerable adj. 相当大的
The question is worthy of consideration.
这个问题值得考虑。
She is very active, considering her age.
考虑到她的年龄，她很活跃了。
A considerable number of people object to the policy of the government.
相当多的人反对政府这一政策。
④take sth. into consideration 对某事加以考虑
under consideration 在考虑中
out of consideration未加考虑
When marking Tom’s exam papers, the teacher took his long illness into consideration.
批改汤姆的试卷时，老师考虑到了他长时间的生病。
There is one important fact that has been out of consideration.
有一重要事实未考虑到。
高考链接
Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer. (NMET 1993)
A. to invent
B. inventing
C. to have invented
D. having invented
答案：Ｃ
分析：
该句为 consider sb. to do 的被动结构，即 be considered to do, 同时要注意不定式的时态。因为“发明电脑”发生在“认为”之前，故不定式用完成时。
17. means n.
a)手段，方法 （单复数同形）
a means of transport/ communication
运输工具／通讯工具
The quickest means of travel is by air.
最快捷的旅行方式是乘飞机。
All possible means have been tried.
一切可能的办法都已经被尝试过了。
b)by means of 用，依靠
by all means 一定，务必，当然
by no means 决不，并未
She could not speak, but made her wishes known by means of signs.
她不会说话，但手势表达了她的愿望。
He succeeded by means of perseverance.
他靠毅力获得了成功。
By all means I must visit my sick friend.
我一定得去探望我生病的朋友。
I can by no means pretend to be pleased with this behavior.
我决不能假装对这种行为表示满意。
---May I stay at home from school? 我可以呆在家里不去上学吗？
---By no means. 绝对不行。
c)辨析：means, method, way
三个词均表示“方法”，means指为达到一个目的或产生某种结果而采用的方法、手段，way是最普通常用的词，method 强调解决某个问题的办法，三个词与介词搭配一般为：by the means/ in the way/ with the method
