一、还原法与动词不定式
动词不定式在英语中是很常见的形式,它常作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。但由于它有时带小品词to,有时不带,学生常会犯错。例如:
Who would you like to have ______ your car?
A. repair B. repairing
C. repaired D. to repair
分析:who是have的宾语,其实是have some?鄄body do something这一结构,所以正确选项为A。
二、还原法与引导词it
英文中为保持句子的平衡,避免头重脚轻,常用it来充当形式主语或形式宾语,而将真正的主语或宾语移至句末。正因为如此,如果要衡量一个句子是不是运用了引导词it的句型结构,可利用还原法:将其后的从句或结构取代it作主语或宾语,如果句子成立,则为引导词的运用,例如:
Is ______ necessary to complete the design before National Day.(MET89)
A. this B. that
C. it D. he
分析:利用还原法可得to complete the design before National Day is necessary,句子通顺,故正确选项为C。
三、还原法与英文情景对话
高考对英文情景对话与交际用语的考查试题越来越多,而考生对这类试题的解答正确与否往往心中没底,如果我们能掌握运用还原法来验证此类试题,考生就能做到胸有成竹。例如:
— Would you like some wine?
— Yes, just ______.
A. little B. bit
C. a little D. little bit
分析:初选答案为C,可还原为 Yes, but I’d like just a little wine.答案C符合问语,故正确答案为C。
四、还原法与定语从句
定语从句是中学生英语中非常重要的一个语法项目。当其运用于疑问句时,选项是引导词还是先行词,须认真加以判断。例如:
Is this school ______ you visited last year?
A. which B. where
C. the one D. at which
分析:这道题是通过一般疑问句对定语从句进行考查,提干部分属于倒装结构。如果我们运用还原法,问题就迎刃而解了。句子可以还原为成述句型:This school is ______ you visited last year.很显然,定语从句缺少先行词,故正确答案为C。
五、还原法与强调句型
强调句型It is/was...that/who... 结构在英文中可用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语等。that/who之后动词的人称与数的变化与主语无关,也与that/who无关。正因为如此, 我们可以利用还原法来解答强调句型有关的问题。例如:
It was the way he asked ______ really upset me.(MET88)
A. that B. so
C. therefore D. so that
分析:上题我们利用还原法去掉句中的It is/was…结构(因其如果为强调句型的运用,则此结构为添加部分),如果句子仍然成立,则必为强调结构。该题题干还原可得:the way he asked really upset me,句子成立,故正确答案为A。但要注意另一种情况:当强调句型强调的是句子的宾语时,还原后句子不可能成立。因此,当that/ who之前为一名词或代词,则要看that/ who之后的动词是否为及物动词,可否再带宾语。如:It was the last French lesson that the teacher gave us.还原后得到是the last French lesson that the teacher gave us.此句当然不成立,但如果我们将the last French lesson移作gave的宾语,便可得到the teacher gave us the last French lesson,句子成立,则可知此句亦为强调结构。
六、还原法与分词短语
分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必为主句的主语。现在分词与其逻辑主语是一种主谓关系,过去分词与其逻辑主语存在一种被动关系或表示逻辑主语所处的状态。正因为如此,我们可以利用还原法来分辨充当状语的分词短语是现在分词还是过去分词。例如:
1. ______ his manner, he put his feet upon the desk.
A. Forgotten B. Forgetting
C. Being forgetting D. Being forgotten
2. ______ more attention, the tree could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give
C. Giving D. Having given
分析:上述两例考查的是分词短语作状语的用法,但究竟该选现在分词还是过去分词呢?我们利用还原法,将其变成一个完整的状语从句,可分别表达为:
1. Because he forgot his manners, he put his feet upon the desk.
2. If it had been given more attention, the tree could have grown better.
从还原句一看便知,答案为B、A。